Overview

A2 Biology explores advanced biological systems, biotechnology, and regulation of biological processes. It involves more synthesis, evaluation, and independent application of knowledge.

Key Topics

• Energy and Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
• Photosynthesis: Light-dependent and light-independent reactions
• Homeostasis: Control of blood glucose, thermoregulation, kidney function
• Nervous System: Neurones, synapses, reflexes, transmission of impulses
• Hormonal Coordination: Endocrine glands, feedback mechanisms
• Genetics and Evolution: Gene expression, epigenetics, mutation, natural selection
• Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA, cloning, PCR
• Ecosystems and Sustainability: Succession, nutrient cycles, conservation
• Populations and Evolution: Hardy-Weinberg principle, speciation
• Immunology and Infectious Diseases

Skills Developed

• Designing and evaluating complex biological experiments
• Mastery of scientific terminology and detailed explanation
• Drawing connections between topics such as genetics, evolution, and ecology
• Application of biological understanding to modern issues such as gene therapy and conservation

Objective

To prepare students for biology-related university degrees such as medicine, biochemistry, and agriculture, and foster an understanding of the scientific approach to life sciences.