A2 Level Biology (Advanced Level Year 2)

Overview:

A2 Biology explores advanced biological systems, biotechnology, and regulation of biological processes. It involves more synthesis, evaluation, and independent application of knowledge.

Key Topics:

 Energy and Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

 Photosynthesis: Lightdependent and lightindependent reactions

 Homeostasis: Control of blood glucose, thermoregulation, kidney function

 Nervous System: Neurones, synapses, reflexes, transmission of impulses

 Hormonal Coordination: Endocrine glands, feedback mechanisms

 Genetics and Evolution: Gene expression, epigenetics, mutation, natural selection

 Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA, cloning, PCR

 Ecosystems and Sustainability: Succession, nutrient cycles, conservation

 Populations and Evolution: HardyWeinberg principle, speciation

 Immunology and Infectious Diseases (in some syllabi)

Skills Developed:

 Designing and evaluating complex biological experiments

 Mastery of scientific terminology and detailed explanation

 Drawing connections between topics (e.g., genetics + evolution + ecology)

 Application of biological understanding to modern issues (e.g. gene therapy, conservation)

Objective:

To prepare students for biologyrelated university degrees (medicine, biochemistry, agriculture, etc.) and foster an understanding of the scientific approach to life sciences.